EVIDENCE BASE FOR SPORT

Sports Medicine

Sports and exercise medicine (SEM) encompasses a broad range of skills including management of acute or chronic exercise related injuries, the management of medical problems associated with sport and exercise, doping related issues, and exercise prescription for both healthy people and for treatment and prevention of chronic disease.

Research in SEM is particularly concerned with injury prevention, rehabilitation, and enhancing physical function. Team care, at both elite and community levels, may involve on-field management, touring with the team, and administrative work.

Sport and medical conditions

While there are an almost infinite number of medical conditions or injuries which may affect athletes there are some specific conditions which are consistently of concern in the sport sector.

Concussion and head trauma

A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, knock, or jolt to the head that changes how the brain works. The long term consequences of repeated concussion and head trauma are an issue of increasing concern and research across all levels of the sport sector. Concussions can occur in any sport or recreation activity but may be of specific concern to athletes participating in contact sports.

The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), Australian Medical Association (AMA), Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians (ACSEP), and Sports Medicine Australia, work together on the Concussion in Sport initiative. This initiative brings together the most contemporary evidence-based information on concussion for athletes, parents, teachers, coaches and medical practitioners. It provides a valuable and trusted resource for the management of sports-related concussion for all Australians, regardless of the sport, location, or level of participation.

Additional information is also available in the Clearinghouse Sports Concussion & Head Trauma topic.

Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S)

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), is a syndrome which can adversely affect the health and performance of athletes. It exists when there is a negative balance between dietary energy intake and the energy expenditure required to support optimal health, daily living activities, growth, and sport.

RED-S can impair both male and female physiological functions including (but not limited to):

Metabolic rate
Menstrual function
Bone health
Immunity
Protein synthesis
Cardiovascular health

Source: Margo Mountjoy, Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen, Louise Burke, et.al., The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), British Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 48(7), pp. 491-497, (2014).

Additional information is available in the Clearinghouse Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport topic.

Sudden cardiac death

Although not a universally accepted definition, Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) can be considered a nontraumatic, nonviolent, unexpected death due to cardiac causes within 1 hour of the onset of symptoms. This is also known as Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome (SADS). The most common cause of this kind of sudden death is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

Unexpected death due to cardiac causes is an infrequent occurrence in sport but understanding the risk factors and effective management practices can help to frame appropriate policies and actions.

Source: Koester M., A review of sudden cardiac death in young athletes and strategies for pre-participation cardiovascular screening, Journal of Athletic Training, Volume 36(2), pp.197–204, (2001).

Additional information is available in the Clearinghouse Sudden Cardiac Death in Sport topic.

Medical screening/periodic health evaluations

An important role for SEM professionals is providing medical screening or periodic health evaluations (PHE) for athletes. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) developed a Consensus Statement on Periodic Health Evaluation of Elite Athletes (2009) which provides further information.

PHEs aim to:

Prevent sudden death
Ensure optimal medical health (e.g. managing asthma, diabetes, menstrual, depression, etc.)
Ensure optimal musculoskeletal health
Optimise performance (e.g. nutrition, psychology, biomechanics, etc.)
Prevent injury
Review medications and vaccinations
Collect baseline data (e.g. blood tests, neuropsychological testing in contact sports, etc.)
Develop professional relationship with athlete(s)
Educate

[Source: Brukner et.al., (2004) Screening of Athletes: Australian Experience, Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 14 (3)]

Resources

Groups, societies and professional bodies

The main professional bodies for SEM practitioners in Australia are:

Australasian College of Sports Physicians (ACSP) is the professional body representing sports physicians in both Australia and New Zealand.
Australian Medical Association (AMA) is the most influential membership organisation representing registered medical practitioners and medical students of Australia.
Exercise and Sport Science Australia (ESSA) is the peak professional organisation committed to establishing, promoting and representing the career paths of tertiary-trained exercise and sports science practitioners.
Sports Medicine Australia (SMA) is a national multidisciplinary organisation committed to enhancing the health of all Australians through safe participation in sport, recreation and physical activity.

International

International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS). Aims primarily to promote the study and development of sports medicine throughout the world, to protect the physical and mental health and ensure the wellbeing of all who are engaged in sports and exercise, and to assist athletes in achieving optimal performance by maximizing their genetic potential, health, nutrition and (access to) high-quality care and training.
American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM). Provides a forum to foster professional relationships among sports medicine physicians to advance the discipline of sports medicine through education, research, advocacy and excellence in patient care.

Vocation education and training

Australasian College of Sports Physicians

The Australasian College of Sports Physicians provides an overview of SEM training in Australia:

Clinical Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) is a discipline that comprises medical specialists who, as part of a multi-disciplinary team, provide:

Promotion of health through increased use of exercise and physical activity
Advice on the safe use of physical exercise in both prevention and treatment of illness
A holistic approach to addressing medical conditions and injuries in individuals who wish to exercise.

SEM Physician Training in Australia requires:

Completion of initial medical qualification, MBBS or registrable equivalent
Three years approved medical and surgical experience (Foundation Training)
ACSP Part 1 Examination, or equivalent
Four years full time training (or equivalent) with the ACSP, including completion of all training program requirements
ACSP Part 2 Examination
Award of Fellowship of the Australasian College of Sports Physicians (FACSP)

Professional Accreditation

In December 2017 the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) announced the introduction of a national accreditation scheme for sport scientists. The scheme is run in partnership with Exercise & Sports Science Australia (ESSA) and the Australian Strength & Conditioning Association (ASCA).

In August 2020 the AIS released the Sports Science Sports Medicine Practitioner Minimum Standards. These standards represent the mandatory minimum standards for SSSM staff and contractors engaged to deliver services in these disciplines of practice (including medicine) by National Sporting Organisations (NSOs) that are subject to the AIS SSSM Best Practice Principles via their Sport Investment Agreement. They will also guide the minimum SSSM personnel requirements of the National Institute Network (NIN).

Australian Institute of Sport research

AIS Sports Science Sports Medicine: best practice principles

The SSSM Best Practice Principles have been developed by the AIS as a practical guide to assist boards and senior management of sporting organisations in performing their oversight function in relation to SSSM practices. Download the full guide.

Evidence-based position statements and best practice guidelines

The AIS also develops evidence-based position statements on new and complex SSSM topics to provide guidance and leadership for the Australian high performance sports system, including:

Concussion
Genetics
Urinary tract infections
Intravenous fluids
Novel Coronavirus 2019 and sporting activity
Smoke pollution and exercise
Injury reporting

Athlete performance health

The Athlete perpromance health program was developed to provide support and expertise to sports and their athletes to increase the probability of athletes reaching peak performance and maintaining their health ahead of Olympic and Paralympic Games. The Athlete Performance Health objectives are to:

Quantify and prioritise areas of health requiring prevention within and across sports.
Embed prevention systems into NSOs.
Increase awareness of the impact of health on performance outcomes.
Build workforce capability across the sports industry related to health.

Stay Healthy Project

Researchers from the AIS and University of Canberra launched the Stay Healthy Project in 2016 to track athletes' wellbeing with a view to estimate the risk of getting sick and inform prevention practices - particularly around important competitions. Several papers based on the research have been published, including:

An overview of the challenges to staying healthy in the lead up to the Rio Olympic Games and a summary of what happened during the competition. Hughes, D., Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Volume 20, Supplement 1, E78, (January 2017).
Are 25(OH) vitamin D and salivary-IgA risk factors for illness in Olympic athletes? Praet, Stephan; Vlahovich, Nicole; Hughes, David, et.al., Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Volume 20, Supplement 1, E81, (January 2017).
The gut microbiome and inflammatory profiling in athlete health. Colbey, Candice; Cox, Amanda; Zhang, Ping, et.al., Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Volume 20, Supplement 1, E81, (January 2017).
High prevalence of poor sleep quality in athletes: Implications to staying healthy and performing. Halson, Shona; Appaneal, Renee; Peterson, Kirsten, et.al., Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Volume 20, Supplement 1, E80, (January 2017).
Low energy availability in females: A sleeping giant. Lundy, Bronwen; Burke, Louise M.; Vlahovich, Nicole, et.al., Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Volume 20, Supplement 1, E79, (January 2017).
One in five athletes exhibit signs of poor mental health and are at greater risks of illness. Appaneal, Renee; Petersona, Kirsten; Welvaert, Marijke, et.al., Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Volume 20, Supplement 1, E80, (January 2017).
Stay healthy: An Australian Institute of sport transdisciplinary illness prevention project, Drew, M., Vlahovich, N., Hughes, D., et.al., Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Volume 20, Supplement 1, E78, (January 2017).
Stay healthy: Project outline, methodology and approach. Drew, Michael; Vlahovich, Nicole; Hughes, David, et.al., Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Volume 20, Supplement 1, E79, (January 2017).

Reports

ASC National Sports Research Centre - Medicine 1985-1995

Sport specific resources

International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The IAAF medical website offers their extensive manual for download by chapter, information on nutrition, injuries, position papers on relevant topics, and competition information as related to medical matters.

Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The Medical Committee addresses all medical issues relating to football and attempts to discover new ways of protecting the health of players. Resources available include: information for players on injury prevention (“11+”); nutrition; common injuries and first aid; FIFA Medical Centres of Excellence; Football for Health; and an online anti-doping education programme. Booklets, regulations, and teaching material are available for download.
FIFA Medical network. The dedicated FIFA medical platform. It includes the FIFA 11+ injury prevention programme including background and scientific papers, videos of the FIFA 11+ exercises, the FIFA 11+ manual, and much more material available to download.

Rowing Australia. Rowing Australia’s Chief Medical Officer, Dr Larissa Trease, and Lead Physiotherapist, Kellie Wilkie, have put together these documents for rowers and coaches which may assist in injury prevention and management.

World Rugby. The Medical Commission of World Rugby has a dedicated website with guidelines, expert papers, research, and online training addressing important medical matters in rugby including: cardiac screening, concussion, gender, hygiene, heat, injury surveillance, pregnancy, medical facilities, and other matters.
World Rugby Concussion Management App. This online resource is designed for anyone involved in rugby - players, coaches, parents, teachers, match officials, spectators, and anyone else with a role or interest in the game. It is designed to ensure that players who suffer concussion are managed effectively to protect their long-term health and welfare. (currently only available on iTunes)

International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA). The UIAA website contains medical information specific to ‘Mountain Medicine’ for the use of team physician and federations, e.g. on high altitude matters, travel medicine, hygiene, nutrition, and water disinfection.

International Tennis Federation (ITF). A wealth of information on injuries and their prevention; nutrition; conditioning; psychology; anti-doping; and medical care at competitions. Also provides further information on the benefits of exercise for lay people and numerous information sheets for athletes.

Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB). Offers information on both athlete’s and referee’s health including injury prevention and surveillance; heat stress (for both athletes and referees); sun exposure; health certificates; team medical and physical therapists; regulations; medical control; and an extensive anti-doping section.

Further resources and reading

Summary

Access to resources
Where possible, direct links to full-text and online resources are provided. However, where links are not available, you may be able to access documents directly by searching our licenced full-text databases (note: user access restrictions apply). Alternatively, you can ask your institutional, university, or local library for assistance—or purchase documents directly from the publisher. You may also find the information you’re seeking by searching Google Scholar.

Cochrane Reviews

Cochrane Reviews are systematic reviews of primary research in human health care and health policy, and are internationally recognised as the highest standard in evidence-based health care. They are published online in The Cochrane Library.

Electronic journals

Breath hold training Australian Institute of Sport (2020). Breath hold training (BHT) is a technique utilised in sport and exercise science to increase athletes' tolerance for oxygen deprivation.
IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete, Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, et al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 52(7), pp.439-455, (2018). Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this nutrition programme. The appropriate use of some supplements can benefit the athlete, but others may harm the athlete’s health, performance, and/or livelihood and reputation (if an antidoping rule violation results). This review summarises the issues faced by high-performance athletes and their support team (coach, trainer, nutritionist, physician) when considering the use of supplements, with the goal of providing information to assist them to make informed decisions.
Psychological Issues Related to Illness and Injury in Athletes and the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement—2016 Update, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Volume 49(5), pp.1043–1054, (May 2017). This document provides an overview of selected medical issues that are important to team physicians who are responsible for the care and treatment of athletes. It addresses select psychological issues including: stress/anxiety, depression, eating disorders, and substance use disorders, as well as issues related to the team physician and their role n recognizing athletes at risk and providing referrals for additional care.
Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016, McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvořák J, et.al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 51(11), pp.838-847, (2017). This consensus document reflects the current state of knowledge and will need to be modified as new knowledge develops. It provides an overview of issues that may be of importance to healthcare providers involved in the management of SRC. This paper should be read in conjunction with the systematic reviews and methodology paper that accompany it. First and foremost, this document is intended to guide clinical practice; however, the authors feel that it can also help form the agenda for future research relevant to SRC by identifying knowledge gaps.
Monitoring Athlete Training Loads: Consensus Statement, Pitre C. Bourdon, Marco Cardinale, Andrew Murray, et.al., International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, Volume 12, S2-161-S2-170, (2017). In February 2016, a conference on “Monitoring Athlete Training Loads—The Hows and the Whys” was convened in Doha, Qatar. This consensus statement brings together the key findings and recommendations from this conference in a shared conceptual framework for use by coaches, sport-science and -medicine staff, and other related professionals who have an interest in monitoring athlete training loads and serves to provide an outline on what athlete-load monitoring is and how it is being applied in research and practice, why load monitoring is important and what the underlying rationale and prospective goals of monitoring are, and where athlete-load monitoring is heading in the future.
International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: consensus statement, Drezner JA, Sharma S, Baggish A, et.al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 51(9), pp.704-731, (2017). This statement represents an international consensus for ECG interpretation in athletes and provides expert opinion-based recommendations linking specific ECG abnormalities and the secondary evaluation for conditions associated with SCD.
Ethics of genetic testing and research in sport: a position statement from the Australian Institute of Sport, Nicole Vlahovich, Peter Fricker, Matthew Brown & David Hughes, British Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 51(1), pp.5-11, (2017). As Australia's peak high-performance sport agency, the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) has developed this position statement to address the implications of recent advances in the field of genetics and the ramifications for the health and well-being of athletes. Genetic research is only to be conducted after careful consideration of a range of ethical concerns which include the provision of adequate informed consent.
How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury, Torbjørn Soligard, Martin Schwellnus, Juan-Manuel Alonso, et.al., British Journal of Sports Medicine , Volume 50(17), pp.1030-1041, (2016). This paper summarises the results linking load to risk of injury in athletes, and provide athletes, coaches and support staff with practical guidelines to manage load in sport.
How much is too much? (Part 2) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness, Martin Schwellnus, Torbjørn Soligard, Juan-Manuel Alonso, et.al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 50(17), pp.1043-1052, (2016). This paper summarises the results linking load to risk of illness and overtraining in athletes, and provides athletes, coaches and support staff with practical guidelines for appropriate load management to reduce the risk of illness and overtraining in sport.
Australian Institute of Sport and Australian Medical Association Concussion and Brain Health Position Statement, Concussion in Sport AustraliaAustralian Institute of Sport, (February 2023). Brings together the most contemporary evidence-based information and presents it in a format that is appropriate for all stakeholders.
Physical activity prescription: a critical opportunity to address a modifiable risk factor for the prevention and management of chronic disease: a position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Thornton JS, Frémont P, Khan K, et al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 50(18), pp.1109-1114, (2016). The purpose of this Canadian Academy and Sport and Exercise Medicine position statement is to provide an evidence-based, best practices summary to better equip SEM and primary care physicians to prescribe PA and exercise, specifically for the prevention and management of non-communicable disease. This will be achieved by addressing common questions and perceived barriers in the field.
Australian Institute of Sport and the Australian Paralympic Committee position statement: urinary tract infection in spinal cord injured athletes, British Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 49(19), pp.1236-1240, (2015). This position statement represents a set of recommendations intended to provide clinical guidelines for sport and exercise medicine physicians and other healthcare providers for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infection in spinal cord injured athletes. It has been endorsed by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) and the Australian Paralympic Committee (APC).
Pre-participation Cardiac Evaluation In Young Athletes, Australasian College of Sports Physicians, (2013). The ACSP re-affirms the well-known position that for the vast majority of young individuals – regular exercise is not only safe but should be encouraged. However, there are a small proportion of the population with pre-existing cardiac pathology where participation in competitive sport may increase their risk of a significant cardiac event.
Sports Supplements, Australasian College of Sports Physicians, (2013). This position statement is designed to provide guidelines for the appropriate use of dietary and nutritional supplements. The purpose of the statement is to ensure that the use of supplements is evidence-based and individuals are not at risk of an inadvertent anti-doping rule violation.
IOC concensus statements are published based on the works of the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission.
International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Position Statements. The Scientific Commission of FIMS prepares the FIMS Position Statements, which are intended to provide practical guidelines to practitioners in areas of Sports Medicine where there is controversy or a lack of clarity.
American College of Sports Medicine Position Stands. Official statements of ACSM on topics related to sports medicine and exercise science. All current ACSM Position Stands and Joint Position Statements are free to the public online.
Recent Position Statements, Consensus Statements, Policy Statements, Guidelines, and Recommendations Related to Sports Medicine. List collated and maintained by Sports Medicine Research: In the Lap & In the Field.

Licencing restrictions apply to some resources listed below.

Public All Clearinghouse members 'Australian' members only
'High Performance' members only Restricted access Various restrictions
Please see Clearinghouse membership categories for further information.

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), Kathryn E. Ackerman, Medical Director, Female Athlete Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Associate Director, Sports Endo Research Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital, Team Physician, USA Rowing, Australian Institute of Sport, Smart Talk Seminar Series (15 February 2018)
Travel Emergency and Critical Incident Planning and Response, Dr Neil Nerwich, Group Medical Director of Assistance, International SOS and MedAire, Smart Talk Seminar Series (25 October 2017)
Collagen Research and Possible Applications for High Performance Athletes, Dr Steffen Oesser, PhD, Director Collagen Research Institute, Kiel, Germany, Smart Talk Seminar Series (18 May 2017)
Injury and Illness - The underrated opponents, Sally Bromley and Mick Drew, AIS Physical Therapies, 2020 Vision Combat Coach Seminar, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (28 May 2017)
Periodisation and Considerations for the Prevention of Injury and Illness – What is AMS Data Telling Us? Dr Mick Drew, AIS Senior Sports Physiotherapist, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (1 May 2017)
Personalising Tendon and Other Musculoskeletal Tissue Injury Rehabilitation using Technology, Professor David Lloyd, Griffith University’s Menzies Health Institute, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (22 March 2017)
The challenge of Physical Activity and Exercise Medicine: The Importance of Physical Activity in the Prevention & Treatment of Lifestyle Diseases, Professor Mark Batt, Director of Arthritis Research UK & The Centre for Sports Medicine, Nottingham University, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (14 February 2017)
Living with a Mental Illness: Perspectives from an Athlete and a Carer, Kirsten Peterson, Head of Performance Psychology, Josh Sebbens PhD Candidate, Rebekah Alcock PhD Scholar, Josh Di Nucci MAG CoE Scholarship Holder, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (11 October 2016)
Concussion in Sport Guidelines – An AIS and AMA Initiative, Dr David Hughes, AIS Chief Medical Officer, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (31 May 2016)
Monitoring Athlete Training Loads – What does that even mean? Feedback from the 2nd ASPIRE Sports Science Conference in Qatar. Dr Sally Clark, AIS Physiology, Ben Raysmith, AIS Physical Therapies and Mick Drew, AIS Physical Therapies and Avish Sharma, AIS PhD Scholar, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (20 April 2016)
Silent Contributors to Injury - Illness - Performance. Sports Medicine Australia and Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (18-19 March 2016)
Iron Deficiency in Sports – Definition, influence on performance and therapy. Dr German Clenin, Sportsmed Centre Berne-Ittigen, House of Sports, Switzerland, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (16 March 2016)
FitNSW 2016 - Supporting local communities to move more - interagency strategies to reduce childhood obesity. NSW Parliament House, Sydney (9 March 2016)
Impact of exercise selection on hamstring muscle activation and hypertrophy. Dr Matthew Bourne, Queensland Academy of Sport, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (8 March 2016)
AIS Anti-Doping/Sport Science Sports Medicine seminar, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (1 March 2016)
Improving the Physical Preparation of Female Sevens Players. Anthea Clarke, AIS, UC and ARU PhD Scholar, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (8 February 2016
Physical Elastic Motion Laws Applied to Anatomy and Movement deduces a Mechanism of all Musculoskeletal Injuries. Dr Geoffrey Verrall, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (09 December 2015)
Brain Injury Australia Workshop. NSW Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park (13 November 2015)
Recreational Sport and Knee Osteoarthritis. Richard Leech, University of Sydney, SmartTalk Seminar Series , Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (04 November 2015)
Monitoring neuromuscular status in team sport athletes during and following performance. Stu Cormack, Australian Catholic University, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (24 September 2015)
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome. Ben Raysmith and Ross Smith, Australian Institute of Sport, SmartTalk Seminar Series , Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (17 September 2015)
Gluten Free: Cure or Fad? Dana Lis, University of Tasmania, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (4 September 2015)
Influence of Biological and Technical Variability on Physique Assessment Methods. Ava Kerr, Manager of Health, Sport and Exercise Science Facilities at the University of the Sunshine Coast, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (17 August 2015)
New developments in non-invasive cardiac output measurements in high performance athletes and cardiovascular medicine. Mr. Frank Bour, Developer, Managing Director & Co-founder, Manatec Biomedical, France, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (21 July 2015)
Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S) – what is it and what are the consequences? Dr Anna Melin, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (10 April 2015)
Athlete Management System (AMS) Conference. Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (16-17 March 2015)
Ferritin and the issues with how and when to treat athletes. Dr Karl “Bert” Fields, Medical Director, Sports Medicine Center, Cone Health System, Greensboro, North Carolina, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (12 February 2015)
Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in Tendinopathy, does AGE matter? Dr Stephan Praet, Sports Medicine Physician, Erasmus University and Australian Institute of Sport, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (11 February 2015)
Muscular Injury to the Calf ultrasound findings and treatment, trail approach. Dr Karl “Bert” Fields, Medical Director, Sports Medicine Center, Cone Health System, Greensboro, North Carolina, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (10 February 2015)
Hamstring strain injury. Dr David Opar, Australian Catholic University, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (24 September 2014)
Traumatic Brain Injury in Athletes: New Concepts, New Dilemmas. James C. Puffer, M.D, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (16 July 2014)
Subsequent injury classifications and their role in injury prevention strategies. Professor Caroline Finch, Director, Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (8 May 2014)
International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (28 April - 2 May 2014)
Epigenetics and the relevance for Australian High Performance Sport, Renae Domaschenz, PhD, Exercise and Genetic Research Manager (acting), AIS Sports Medicine, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (3 April 2014)
Genes, Training and Health. Professor Carl Johan Sundberg, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (26 March 2014)
High performance Sport Rehabilitation – the Golden Rules. Dr Ian McCurdie – Chief Medical Officer for Team GB at the London Olympics, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (20 February 2014)
Sports Supplement Symposium. Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (13-14 February 2014)
‘Healthy Teams Win Medals’ - preparing & delivering medical support for Team GB. Dr Ian McCurdie, Chief Medical Officer for Team GB at the London Olympics, SmartTalk Seminar Series, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (12 February 2014)
Bone Health in Sport Symposium. Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (1-2 February 2014
National Summit on Medications and Supplements in Sport. Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra (2-3 October 2013)

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